English to Polish Marketing Business/Commerce (general) company

Nevertheless, many organizations simply do not know how to learn (Szulanski, 1996) due to the difficulty in transferring and integrating knowledge (Grant, 1996b). This difficulty is attributable to three conditions: the lack of motivation to transfer knowledge, the tacitness of the knowledge to be transferred, and the ability of the organization to absorb that knowledge. With regard to the first condition, motivation to transfer knowledge is often influenced by the desire to control knowledge, the relationship with the individual to whom the information will be conveyed, and the perceived rewards for sharing that knowledge (Ipe, 2003). Szulanski (1995) found that the motivation and reputation of the sender, as well as the motivation and ability of the recipient, had a high correlation with successful knowledge transsfer. The second condition, degree of tacitness, has an impact on the exchangeability of the information; since tacitness relates to ambiguity it impedes the formalization of the learning process (Simonin, 1999). Grant (1996a) argues that knowledge is contained in individuals rather than institutions, such that tacit knowledge transfers within the firm only occur through lengthy contacts among its members. Therefore new knowledge can only enter the firm through the incremental learning of existing members or the incorporation of new members bringing new knowledge.